Death Of A Salesman By Willy Loman - 1076 Words

This modernized tragedy, Death of a Salesman, illustrated the last days of life for poor Willy Loman. Realistic dramas, emotionally, physiologically, and spiritually, this action-filled play occurred in the present. When the play goes back into the past, it makes the audience feel as if they have drifted into the past, almost like a dream. In some of the scenes, Biff and Happy appeared as if they are in high school, but only their father, Willy, can see them. This method is often referred to as using a flashback. Using this â€Å"flashback† method, Willy’s older son, Ben, makes an appearance as well, and this is whom Willy turns to for advice and talks to when he becomes lonely. This play is not only complicated because it goes back and forth from the present and past, but because it shows all the betrayal in Willy’s life and all of the lies he told. As a woman, it is easy for us to point fingers at Willy and say that it is all his fault, but that is just a femin ist point of view. One of the main characters, in which the story revolves around, Willy, was considered a tragic hero. His suicide only reveals a part of the truth in his story, depicting who he was as a person. He tried so hard to make everyone in his work and professional life happy, he forgot all about his own family and betrayed them in more ways than one. He never understood himself in an emotional, physical, or spiritual way. Many people focus too much on the lies that he told, delusions, and deceptions onShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Willy Loman860 Words   |  4 Pagesend up worth more dead than alive.† This is said by Willy Loman in Act 2 of the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman.† Willy is a 63-year-old man who has been a salesman for 34 years working for the same company. As he ages, his sales decrease due to his lack of strength and pep. The opening quote is Willy reflecting on his worthlessness of all the years that he spent working. Once Willy gets fired he feels as though he has nothing left. This is not how Willy pictured his life and this ends up alienating himRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Willy Loman1683 Words   |  7 PagesBefore even beginning to read ‘Death of a Salesman’, we know what the play is going to be about from the given title. However, this play is much more than just a death of a salesman, it’s about the death of the promise of the American Dream. At heart, it’s about the protagonist’s desire for success, respect, and status — and failure to achieve it. The play opens with a huge chunk of precise stage directions, immersing the reader in a vivid description of the Loman house and its surrounding areaRead MoreDeath of a Salesman: Willy Loman Essay681 Words   |  3 PagesWilly Loman: Failure of a Man In Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is an example of a failure as a good father. He did not discipline his sons well by not punishing them. He did not set a good example to his sons by not admitting his faults. He did not make his family his number one priority. Instead, it was his work, coming before his family, his friends, and even himself. Not only is Willy Loman not a good father and husband, but he was a failure by not becoming successful, notRead MoreIs Willy Loman a Tragic Hero in Death of Salesman1305 Words   |  6 PagesWilly Loman’s character in Death of a Salesman portrays him as a tragic hero. Willy Loman continued to want his recognition and his reputation but never forgets about his family. These characteristics describe him as a tragic hero in Death of a Salesman. Willy Loman’s tragic flow leads him to purse the idea that reputation in society has more relevancies in life than knowledge and education to survive in the business. His grand error of wanting recognition drove him crazy and insane and lead toRead MoreCompare And Contrast Death Of A Salesman And Willy Loman1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller. A book about an old man whose occupation is a salesman. The story takes place in Brooklyn Manhattan, in a nice quite neighborhood and the main protagonists is named Willy Loman. Willy Loman main goal in life was to succeed and make a name for himself but since he didn’t achieve it, he passed on that dream to his two sons. From Willy Loman point of view his second son did make a named out of himself but for his first son, that dream of success didn’tRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Willy Loman In Death Of A Salesman838 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman from â€Å"Death of a Salesmanâ €  by Arthur Miller is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who has a judgement error and inevitably ends up destroying himself. Miller believes that the common man makes the best tragic hero as we want to be seen as a image and or not be thrown away. That fear, which he believes is very strong today, is what makes us the best tragic hero. I would take the stance that Willy Loman is a tragic hero. Willy starts to show signs of flaw of judgement, reversal ofRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Willy Loman And Death Of A Salesman1112 Words   |  5 PagesWilson and Death of a Salesman was written by Arthur Miller are two plays that can be considered different in terms of their plot. Both plays have two very different cultural backgrounds. The background affects each protagonist therefore differently. However, there are also similarities beyond the plot. Despite the different backgrounds of each protagonist or main characters, they are both trying to achieve their dre ams. They both fail ironically in similar ways .Willy Loman in the death of a salesmanRead More Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classicRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead More Willy Loman as Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman876 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman as Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Everybody feels the penetrating presence of fear throughout life. However, people’s reactions to this fear separate the brave souls from the cowards. Mark Twain once said, Courage is resistance to fear; mastery of fear, not absence of fear (Twain 6). In Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman fears rejection by his son, Biff, and the business world. His fears master him, creating in him a fantasy world of life as it

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies - 1297 Words

As was laid out in the previous section, the United-States always had a ‘hegemonic presumption’, the conception that Latin America was inferior, a supposition that gave the right to Washington to intervene in the region’s political and economic affairs (LeoGrande, 2007:384). This second chapter will explore how the U.S. intervened in Latin America, more specifically after the World War II. Indeed, the U.S. benefitted greatly from the aftermath of the war. A subsection will be dedicated to the Pink Tide in Latin America, with a focus on the U.S. foreign policy under President GW Bush and President Obama. The overthrown Presidents of Honduras and Paraguay were part of this movement and their outset signals a reversal in the region. The different policies set by the U.S. must be understood with the imperialist framework developed in the previous section: the U.S. never intervened or designed their foreign policy out of good benevolence, but rather used different discourses and strategies with the same intention, ensuring their global leadership. During the 19th century the United-States, already a regional power, slowly emerged as an imperial one (Slater, 2010; Steinmetz, 2005). Up until the 20th century, the country was mainly focused on fulfilling its ‘manifest destiny’ and centred its foreign policy on Latin America (Kissinger, 1994). It was of great importance for the Americans not only to differentiate themselves from the colonialist Europe but also to assert theirShow MoreRelatedU.s. Foreign Policy Policies1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. foreign policy has always been linked to the domestic policy since the U.S. never feared of expanding its national interests over the national boarders. Isolation for the U.S. usually implied slow economic growth and the large number of destructive conflicts within, while impudent foreign policy always guaranteed an abrupt economic growth for the U.S. economy. After the U.S. intervened in the WWI and the WWII, the U.S. economy witnessed a tremendous economic growth, ne arly elimination ofRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Decisions716 Words   |  3 Pagesreasons.† (Kaufman pg. 3). Here Kaufman begins to unravel the differences between these two types of foreign policy. The extraordinary are the issues surrounding war, terrorist attacks, cyber warfare. The mundane, is as simple as the labels on your clothing, but as complex as who is allowed entry into the U.S.. These topics do not elicit as much of a reaction, because as Kaufman argues â€Å"the foreign policy decisions that most people know about and follow closely are those that are extraordinary becauseRead MoreU.s. Bush s Administration On Foreign Policy Over The Last Forty Years1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of unilateralism and its application to US foreign policy over the last forty years. In defining the term, this essay will leave aside the debate between the competing concepts of unilateralism and multilateralism, which has occupied extensive literature after the 9/11 attacks and the following military actions. The essay will  Definition of unilateralism (800 words) Meaning of unilateralism Unilateralism in american foreign policy Was Bush the first one? How long it has beenRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican foreign policy relates to what is done in foreign countries by the United States of America. The foreign policies include controlling of the governments of foreign countries or setting some rules in those countries. The foreign policy of America has always been changing all through the US existence. The changes have stemmed from the dynamics of exogenous and substantial influences of watershed up to the international system and also the effects and changes of endogenous inside the governmentRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies916 Words   |  4 Pagescandidate and their proposed foreign policy stance which will be enacted should they be elected. Any nation that is apart of a globalized market such as The United States must be careful when choosing their next president. More importantly they need a president that is in tune with the current international system and one that focuses on a foreign policy based on realism instead of a foreign policy based on idealism. In the following, I will look at the foreign policies of the current presidentialRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay2045 Words   |  9 Pagesmomentous in its ramifications as it was anticlimactic in its occurrence.† Soviet Premier Gorbachev’s dual policies of glasnost and perestroika had relaxed central control and encouraged self-sufficiency among the republics of Eastern Europe, but it also revealed the underlying economic weakness of the Soviet system. The collapse of the Soviet Union sent shockwaves through a U.S. foreign policy establishment that had, for decades, overwhelmingly focused on the containment of the Soviet Union. LackingRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pageswith Clinton at 42% and Trump at 40.9% (as of September 15,2016). Donald Trump, who is a successful businessman, turns to a different path to become a p A government’s strategy in dealing with other nations is important in today’s world. The U.S. foreign policy is designed to achieve national objectives. There are many immigrated citizens coming into the United States every year. However, we question the ones who are undocumented immigrants. The United States has concerns about the Islamic State groupRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies1847 Words   |  8 PagesSyria because US-backed fighters coordinate and are enmeshed with the outfit. The newspaper also reported that the Pentagon had refrained in 2015 from attacking ISIS militants in and around the Syrian city of Palmyra in order to further the US foreign policy goal of regime change in Damascus. The United States has a long history of forming tactical alliances with political Islam to counter secular Arab nationalists, whom it views as inimical to its interests of dominating the Arab world, with itsRead More U.S. Foreign Policy Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesStates has remained consistent with its national interest by taking many different actions in foreign policy. There have been both immediate and long term results of these actions. Foreign policy is the United States policy that defines how we deal with other countries economically and politically. It is made by congress, the president, and the people. Some of the motivations for United States foreign policy are national security, economics, and idealism. The United States entry into World War IRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Approaches1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States (U.S.) uses two approaches to their foreign policy. The first approach is realism. This viewpoint stresses that the principal actors, states, will pursue their own interests in an anarchical world. States will try to establish a balance of power that restrains aggressive states from dominating weaker ones. The second approach is idealism. This view stresses that states should transform the system into a new international order where peace can prevail. This approach emphases the

Management Procedure SEMCO

Question: Discuss about theManagement Procedurefor SEMCO. Answer: Introduction The development of the business organization is based on the formation of the appropriate measures and operations for the business organization (Benghozi, Krob and Rowe, 2013). The employees and workers of the organizations form the base for the improvement and operations of the business organization. The increase in number of managerial issues has resulted in yielding many issues at workplace such as conflict, labor unrest, and growth of dissatisfaction. However, the use of appropriate tools and strategies would help in dealing with the effect of these negative issues. The following report has been made for understanding the role and concept of the growing ICT business organization. The case study selected for the analysis is of SEMCO and the decisions taken by Richard Semler. The following report highlights and evaluate the decisions of Semler for the organization of SEMCO. The managerial decisions, strategies behind it, and their impact would be analyzed in the following sections. The evaluation of the changes and the factors of risks would be examined from the provided case study of the SEMCO. Overview of Case Study of SEMCO The case study has highlighted the various decisions and operations of the SEMCO Company. SEMCO is a Brazil company that had expertized in manufacturing industrial machines and among them machine pumps holds the most prior position. The company was founded by Antonio Selmer in the year 1950s and since then hierarchical system of management was followed. The company was autonomous and the rules and regulations set by the governing authority controlled the operations and people of SEMCO. Due to the issue of recession, Antonios son Richard Selmer implemented some transformations and development strategies for dealing with the issues and problems that rose in that situation. He drew some basic changes and modified the management system to go through the poor performance of the company. Justification of the Universal Application of Transformational Plan The transformational plan at SEMCO was established for developing some strategies that would help in modifying the processes of the company along with policies, processes, and procedures (Delak and Bajec, 2013). The main benefit of the organization for implementing the transformational plan was to deal with the decreasing performance in production and dealing with the recession issue. However, the transformational plan can be universally accepted and implemented for the various organizations to increase their performance and form better acceptance. The main benefits that the transformational plan could bring to the business organizations are explained in the following points. Growth of business organization: The business organizations have to evolve with the passage of time for forming better solutions and services (Engelmann and Pessoa, 2014). The transformational operations would be helpful for forming the scope for the development of the business organization. The business organizations have been following the use of transactional planning and management for their operations. However, the modern operations and situation have resulted in forming the faster operations the deployment of transactional planning with the ICT technologies would help in stimulating the growth of the business organizations by providing them with faster and better system symbolic operations and processes. Solution to potential issues: The transformational planning helps in dealing with the immediate issues and their impact on the business organization (Gonzlez-Bailn, 2014). The formation of the transformational planning would help in dealing with the issues of the business organizations. The issues include uneven performance, lack of superior quality of output, and economic issues. The issues can be dealt by employing a systematic development and formation of the transformational planning at the organization. The solution of the issues would be helpful for the formation of the quick solution and system development. Retention of employees quality: The transformational plan is useful for retaining the issues of the employees (Gulati, Mayo and Nohria, 2014). The employees are the main source of the functional operations in the business organization. Hence, it is important for dealing with the issues of the degrading quality of the business organization. The role and involvement of the employees can be improved by forming a systematic development of the transformational plan. The planning process is most suitable for the implementation of the employees performance improvement by providing them with suitable perks and profits for the amount of work they do. Motivation to the employees: The adjustment of the business management had helped in forming the growing motivation among the employees. The shift of operational control from the central authority to the employees would encourage them for the operations of the business organization. The use of the employees motivation plays a crucial role for the development of the operations and formation of the improved solutions at the organization. Explanation of Main Changes for Motivation at SEMCO SEMCO was facing the issue of recession when Selmer introduced the transformational planning in the organization. The strategies were formed for developing the business organization and formation of the effective operations to motivate the employees within the organization. The situational demand resulted in implementation of self managed teams, reward structure, and profit sharing. Selmer has implemented these strategies for managing the operations of SEMCO and motivating the employees to perform better. The explanation of the above stated strategies is provided below: Self managed teams: Selmer abolished the hierarchical control of the team and implemented the self managed team for motivating the teams. The self managed teams were responsible for all the operations of the organization. The strategy supported the consideration of an individual team and their operations were not controlled by Selmer. The team would perform and self manage the operations allocated to them. It would form the most suitable solution for the underperforming teams to perform better and improve their functions (Hamad, 2015). The self governing team members would perform best in absence of the pressure from governing authority. The self managed teams would be highly motivated considering that they would be recognized for their good commencing and completion of the operations allocated to them. Reward structure for employees: The use of reward structure at Selmer highly motivated the employees for performing better. Individual recognition and formation of the reward structure would form the most suitable solution for the motivation of the employees (Harrison, 2017). The use of tangible goods and appraisals for the recognition of good work performed by the employees would help in motivating the employees. It has been seen that due to the absence of recognition and appraisals in an organization, many employees performing well leave the organization due to lack of motivation factors. The implementation of the reward structure would end in formation of strong motivation reasons in the organization. The recognition of the employees would help in formation of increased motivation among the employees in the organization. Profit Sharing with the working divisions: The sharing of the profit was the most compensating strategies of the transactional planning. The use of the profit sharing strategies would help in motivating the employees and workers (Hoption, 2015). A fixed 25% of the total profit was shared with the division of work in the organization. An elected committee would be held responsible for distribution of the profits with the employees and workers. The profit sharing with the employees would help in motivating the employees for performing better. The employees and workers would perform better in scope for getting a share in the profit distributed. It would help in increasing the overall involvement of the employees for the operations of the SEMCO Organization. Flaws and Tension of SEMCOs Organizational Structure The organizational structure of SEMCO followed the structure of hierarchical management and operational control (Lee, 2013). The governing body was responsible for all the operations of the organization and he would have to manage and take care of individual operations. It resulted in formation of the basic issues of operations in SEMCO. The chain reaction for operations included the reporting of proposal of individual operation to successive senior and then to manger. The manager would have to report it to the vice presidents and the vice president would have to report it to the president. The flaws of hierarchical structure in SEMCO were resistant to deal with recession, inflexibility of operations, slower operations, and employee dissatisfactions. The flaws and tension of the SEMCO has been explained below: Resistant to recession issue: The recession had a major impact on the operations of SEMCO and their economic conditions. The hierarchical management system had made the operations of the SEMCO resistive to the development and progress. The hierarchical management system had a stiff structure and it follows top-down structure for decision making process (Parker, 2013). The use of hierarchical system would lead to improper response to the competitive threats of the business organization. The deployment of such hierarchical management system in the organizations has resulted in the creation of discomfort among employees to accept any changes processed by the management. Inflexibility of operations: The hierarchical management system in SEMCO had the prior operation system to vague for the operations of business organization. The employees would have to seek permission from their head and the head would have to seek permission from managers (Phoocharoon, 2013). The scale of operations was notched down for completions of operations in the allocated time. It resulted in limiting the aspects of the organization operations and forming a rigid structure for the operations. The inflexibility of the operations had resulted in forming the issue of not accepting and adapting the latest technology and innovation in the operations of the organizations. Slower operations: SEMCO had to face the issue of slower operations and sluggish functionality due to the structure of hierarchical management system. Hierarchical management system involved the process of single authority at the SEMCO. The stiff structure and top-down structure for decision making process would require the decisions taken by the president to be channeled one by one step to subordinates (Volberda, Van Den Bosch and Heij, 2013). It would take considerable time for deploying the system operations. Overall, the processing is very slow and it results in taking longer time for completing any operation. Employee Dissatisfaction: The growth of employees dissatisfaction has been resulted due to the following of the hierarchical operations in the SEMCO. The dissatisfaction have been eventually resulted because lack of recognition for their work done and performance (Stoichev, 2014). The hierarchical structure did not give importance to the employees and workers. Risk Factors for the Transformational Planning at SEMCO The risk factors at SEMCO for implementing transformational planning include the non acceptance of transformational planning management by the existing managers, misuse of influence, and no leadership involvement. The impact of risk factors had resulted in forming issues of the individual leaving the company and issues of non applicant of the transformational planning. These factors have been explained below: Non acceptance of system: The transformational planning would not be easily accepted by the managers (Scarborough, 2014). The shift of power of operations from managers to the employees would result in discomfort among the managers. The non acceptance of the transformational planning has resulted in forming a disagreement of power division for the managerial decisions. It has resulted in forming the issue of the non agreement and many managers have left the SEMCO. The non acceptance of the system would lead to the issue of flaws in implementing the system and acute inhospitality among the managers and heads. Misuse of influence: The most significant issue of the transformational planning management in SEMCO could be misuse of influence. The problem arises when there is lack of role models in the organization for completion of any operation (Seethamraju, 2012). The absence of leaders and role models could result in forming chaos for managing the operations and maintaining the working culture of the organization. No leadership involvement: The absence of involvement of the leadership would result on distracting the employees to work sincerely. It can be possible that the employees would face the issue of the not being able to deal with any issue. Selmer would not have to dent the issue of the flaws in the organization operations. However, the implementation of the transformational planning and management at SEMCO has overcome the issues and made the development of the system more effective. Conclusion The report had been made for understanding the role and concept of the growing ICT business organization and implementation of the transformational plan by considering the case study of SEMCO. The transformational process includes modifying the policies, processes, and procedures. It can be stated that the main benefits of the transformational planning and management in SEMCO was growth of business organization, solution to potential issues, retention of employees quality, and motivation to the employees. The strategies were formed to motivate the employees within the organization. The self managed teams, reward structure for employees, and profit sharing with the working divisions were the main transformational change strategies that were implied in the organization of SEMCO. The issues of the company included the resistant to recession issue, inflexibility of operations, slower operations, and employee dissatisfaction. The various risk factors include the non acceptance of system, misuse of influence, and no leadership involvement. However, the conclusion of the report has provided the successful implementation of the transformational management and planning. It can be concluded from the report that the transformational management plays a very crucial role for the development of the present business organizations. The business organizations can use the development of transactional planning and information system for improving the operations and functions of the organizations. References Benghozi, P., Krob, D. and Rowe, F., 2013.Digital enterprise design and management 2013. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer. Delak, B. and Bajec, M., 2013. Framework for the Delivery of Information System Due Diligence.Information Systems Management, 30(2), pp.137-149. Engelmann, J. and Pessoa, L., 2014. Motivation sharpens exogenous spatial attention.Motivation Science, 1(S), pp.64-72. Gonzlez-Bailn, S., 2014. Networked. The new social operating system.Information, Communication Society, 18(12), pp.1428-1429. Gulati, R., Mayo, A. and Nohria, N., 2014.Management. 1st ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Pub. Hamad, H., 2015. Transformational Leadership Theory: Why Military Leaders are More Charismatic and Transformational?.International Journal on Leadership, 3(1). Harrison, R., 2017. Leadership, leadership development and all that jazz.Leadership, 13(1), pp.81-99. Hoption, C., 2015. It does not add up: Comparing episodic and general leadership ratings.Leadership. Lee, C., 2013. Road Tracking based on Prior Information in Video Sequences.Journal of the Korea Industrial Information System Society, 18(2), pp.19-25. Parker, S., 2013. Information-based rights, corruption and more.Information Development, 29(2), pp.99-100. Phoocharoon, P., 2013. Embedding from Inside: Transformational Teacher on Promoting Transformational Leadership Behavior through Innovative-Driven Action Learning.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology. Scarborough, N., 2014.Essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management. 1st ed. Boston: Pearson. Seethamraju, R., 2012. Business process management: a missing link in business education.Business Process Management Journal, 18(3), pp.532-547. Stoichev, K., 2014. The Role of Business Continuity Management in the Business Management System.Science Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), p.97. Volberda, H., Van Den Bosch, F. and Heij, C., 2013. Management Innovation: Management as Fertile Ground for Innovation.European Management Review, 10(1), pp.1-15.

Thanksgiving free essay sample

It was a thanksgiving long weekend and my cousin’s family had come over for some turkey. I was hugging and greeting them with a humongous smile on my face as though I hadn’t seen them in ages. Although we live close by, we never got to see each other, due to lack of time. My cousin, Sally, came and said hello, â€Å"Lucia! We finally meet again!† This was her way of salutation. She jumped up and down with her brother cheerfully. Once she had told me that coming and visiting me was the best thing in the world, and, interestingly enough, I didn’t have any other choice but to hide how I felt the opposite. Inspiration is sometimes derived from surprising sources. I didn’t actually hate her, I just couldn’t stand her. She was always a sign of perfection though it was not always in educational ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Thanksgiving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her hair was always perfectly tied back into a pony tail with pretty ribbons that her mother, my aunt makes. She was short for a thirteen year old, however she did not have any complex about it; I think it was her general optimism. While Sally and her brother were watching a movie downstairs, I helped out in the kitchen with dinner. I have to admit, making dinner for thanksgiving is not easy or simple. My job was to set the table and bring the dishes over, when the dinner was ready. I called my cousins down stairs instead of actually going down and bringing them up. My mother already warned me about it, but I could not help my indolence. Sally and her brother came up and we were all seated at the table. As we were eating, Sally spoke, â€Å"It’s so nice to get together once in a while and eat with everybody like this, it makes me so content!† I knew that she used a variety of words, but don’t children usually say ‘happy’ instead of ‘content’? Sometimes I wonder if she actually thinks of what she is going to say, and repeats it several times in her head before saying them out loud. It was nearly eight o’clock and I was in the kitchen once again, however, this time, I was putting the dishes in the dish washer. Then, my mother told me that I could go downstairs and keep my cousin company. I nodded at her and went down the stairs two at a time. At the bottom, there she was, staring at the door to our recreation room. I asked her what she was doing and after a moment of brief pause, she asked pointing at the door, â€Å"Does this mean anything specific to you?† To tell the truth, I had no idea what she was talking about so I just answered her without actually giving at least a bit of a thought to it. â€Å"It’s an object that allows me to enter a room of any kind?† There was a slight tone of sarcasm mixed in my voice, which I think she ignored. This time, Sally opened and then closed the door. She asked me if I ever thought about how my whole life could change because of a single door that does not appear to be too important to anybody . She also said that when we come to think about it, ‘door’ could mean something very profound. â€Å"You know,† she continued, â€Å"It could mean something.† Now she had all my attention as she added. â€Å"Maybe it’s a door to your future, or for some people, it could be a door to their freedom.† At first, I thought she was joking because, I mean, what she was really trying to say was it was like a door to a fantasy land, was it not? But when I looked her in the eyes, I quickly wiped off the silly smile on my face because I realized that she was being sincere. The next thing I knew, I was looking at her as if I could not believe the words that were coming out of her mouth; I knew that she was clever, diligent and reflective, but I did not know that she gave a lot of thought to simple objects around her. Things that people do not usually pay any attention to, such as a door. I asked her if there was anything that she was waiting for or expe cting from the door, and if she were how she could know what’s coming or what’s really behind it. I tried to make myself sound logical, but I don’t think I did a very good job of it. And her next few words left me standing speechless with my feet glued to the floor. â€Å"That’s the thing Lucia, you DON’T know what’s behind the door. All you do, all you can do, is to wait till you open it and see it for your-self.† Her fixed smile on her sweet little face made me think of just one thing: how can a thirteen year old girl think of such a thing? I just hope that she sticks to her opinions, just like how she has been, as always. My young cousin, whom I’ve never thought of admiring, not even a single day in my life, made me realize deeper significance of an object we see every day. Because of her precocious thought towards a door, I now view the world in a completely different way. Thanksgiving free essay sample The old van drove down the dirt road, kicking a steady stream of dust into the humid air. Inside, the atmosphere was stifling, the windows did not open wide enough, and the air conditioning was still broken. A bead of sweat traced a line down my face as I gazed outside, taking in the strange world of palm trees and new smells outside. I thought about home, where late November means cold, and usually snow. After what seemed like an eternity, the van entered the town, passing donkeys, chickens, little stores, and battered houses. The van stopped at a fork in the road, and we were greeted by a large group of people holding signs of welcome. Bienvenidos a Nahualapa, El Salvador. To the other villagers, the sight might have looked comical, a procession of smiling children, friendly elders, and everyone in between leading the group of gringos down the road, and up the hill to the church. We will write a custom essay sample on Thanksgiving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The church, our church’s sister parish, was nothing more than a dirt floor and a tin roof held up by fallen branches of trees tied together under a tree in the clearing. A little barefoot girl took my hand and pointed proudly at the church, yammering away in her native tongue, not aware that, despite my experience of four years of Spanish in school, I had no idea what she was saying. I waited patiently until she finished, then smiled and nodded. She smiled back, apparently receiving the response she wanted. Over the course of the next few days, we slowly became part of the community. I met Wilson, a boy who had to quit school to sell oranges by the highway to support his family; Liliana, a girl who was living with her aunt because her parents had been killed; and Pedro, a leader of the community, who inspired the best in those around him. Everybody had a story to tell, and although I could not always understand, I was glad to listen. Between helping organize a community garden to make healthy foods more readily available, playing games with the children, discussing micro-loans to start a community chicken business, and generally helping out where we could, there was never a shortage of ways to help. One of the best things we did was arrange scholarships through members of our church to sponsor the education of the children, giving parents the hope of a brighter future for their children. These families must pay for all their own school supplies, shoes and uniforms, as well as transport ation to and from school. Education in rural El Salvador is free in name only. When the time came to leave, I felt like I was leaving an adoptive family, and, despite our differences and the language barrier, I had a place in the community. I had some amazing experiences, from learning how to communicate using hand gestures and only the most basic Spanish vocabulary, to eating a chicken heart (it was surprisingly good). I wouldn’t say that it â€Å"changed my life†, but it was an eye-opening experience. I learned a lot, not only about the world that exists outside of mine, but also about myself, my ability to create a positive change in somebody’s life, and make a difference. The spirit of the Nahualapan people was truly inspiring. This culture’s perspectives differ so much from our own. They have so little in comparison to me, and yet they seem infinitely more content and thankful for what they do have. They treasure their possessions, instead of thinking about what they don’t have and wanting more. The Nahualapans are proud; they don’t want the relationship between us to be one-sided. Instead, they want our respect and partnership, with each side giving and receiving something to and from the other. They have so much more to offer than I could have imagined. What the Nahualapan people gave to me was an intangible shift in my attitude and a newfound feeling of gratitude. I have never felt as grateful for what I have, and the opportunities I possess, as I did on that Thanksgiving one year ago.

The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall

The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall Ron Patel English III AP- VII February 4, 2002 As Death Approaches As death inevitably lurks over the horizon in Granny Weatherall?s mind, Katherine Anne Porter utilizes certain stylistic elements to amplify Granny?s cynical and sometimes regretful tone. These stylistic elements range from an array of buried diction, details, and other personal conceits of Granny Weatherall. As the story progresses, the facts and thoughts join in unison to further enlighten the audience to the true attitudes of the main character.Beneath Granny?s stream of consciousness, there lies simple yet illuminating diction that reveals the character?s ever-changing tones. To uncover the cynical attitude that boils inside Weatherall, the author employs such uncouth remarks like the word ?brat? to represent the caregiver, Doctor Harry. Granny continues her defiance by stating that Doctor Harry should ?leave a well woman alone? because ?I don?t throw my money away on nonsense.? It seems that Weatherall misunderst ands the practitioner?s good intentions and instead her cynicism infers that Doctor Harry has some ulterior motive to disrespect her seniority.Granny 2011The remaining conversation about money only adds to the bonfire of her pessimism and uncovers the extent of Granny?s distrust of her own family?s intent, especially Cornelia?s. Once inside Weatherall?s consciousness, Porter shifts hers diction into subtle gear to unmask Granny?s regretful tone. For example, the author writes ?for sixty years she had prayed against remembering him and against losing her soul in the deep pit of hell so ?don?t let your wounded vanity get the upper hand of you? because plenty of girls get jilted.? By employing such impressionable diction such as ?the deep pit of hell?, Porter almost creates a connotation minefield around Granny?s thoughts. Initially, these words are a verbal representation of the regret brought on by the jilting, but eventually Porter reveals another sorrow. In...

Critical Skills for Managing Your Time in College

Critical Skills for Managing Your Time in College Everyone knows that good time management skills are important for students if youre going to do well in school. But what skills are needed for good time management? The 5 skills listed below just might be the most important time management skills youll learn during your time in school. Sure, they seem easy on the surface but executing them on a daily basis can be harder than it looks. If youre having trouble, just try one a week until theyve all become habit. The Ability to Say No Party this weekend? Cool club to join? Overnight trip on Saturday? Quick pizza with your roommates that turns into 3 hours of just hanging out? Helping that cutie you have a crush on with the chemistry homework? Learning to say no can often feel darned near impossible during your time in college but saying yes to everything can often be impossible, too. Learning how to say no is difficult but important for good time management. Spacing Things Out Translation: Dont procrastinate. Do you know you have an ugly midterm/paper/lab report/research project due in, say, one month? Dont wait until the last week to get started. Space things out a bit so you manage your time and workload in a steady flow instead of one gigantic wave. Using Social Time Wisely College is amazing because there is always something fun going on that you want to be a part of. Unfortunately, college is also incredibly challenging for this exact same reason. Instead of feeling like youre missing out on something whenever you try to do your homework, work your on-campus job, etc., remind yourself that there will be something fun to go do once youre done. And then you wont have to feel guilty about enjoying yourself  since youll be all caught up. Prioritizing and Reprioritizing No matter how on top of things you are, life just happens sometimes ... which means, of course, that youll get sick, your computer will crash, your roommate will have some kind of drama, and youll lose your cell phone. Good time management often requires the ability to prioritize and reprioritize and reprioritize again as things come up. And having good time management skills also means that, when things shift around, youll be able to deal with it instead of suddenly finding yourself in a crisis. Keeping Your Health/Sleep/Exercise In Check Sure, you have about 25 hours worth of work to do each day and that doesnt count the time required to sleep, eat, and exercise. Yet filling in those 3 little things can really make all the difference in your ability to manage your time well in school. Staying up a little too late here or there? Maybe not eating a healthy dinner every night of the week? Usually okay. Making those actions not just exceptions but patterns in your college life? Bad idea. In order to stay on your game, you have to be physically and mentally able to play your game. Practicing a little self-care can really go a long way to making sure you can take care of all you need to do with your limited time while in school.

Martin Luther and the Lutheran Reformation Research Paper

Martin Luther and the Lutheran Reformation - Research Paper Example Martin Luther, the German monk, initiated reformatory ideas into the context of Christian faith in Europe. One can see that the Lutheran Reformation or Protestant Reformation provided ample importance to the concept of salvation and individual faith in god. On the other side, the Christian church considered that donating money to the Church as a proof of one’s faith can help one to attain salvation. These differences between the Christian Church and Lutheran ideas related to faith and salvation eventually led to Lutheran Reformation. To be specific, Martin Luther was not ready to agree with the concept of the sale of indulgences as the source of revenue to the Church. Instead, his aim was to inculcate innovation to Christian faith in Europe. Thesis statement: The Lutheran Reformation unveiled the difference between individual faith and religious salvation, it bridged the wide gap between the believers and the Christian Church, and it is important because it’s socio-poli tical, religious and cultural impact unleashed the possibilities of individual faith in god, especially in Christianity. Martin Luther and Lutheran Reformation One can see that Martin Luther’s influence is not limited to the sphere of religious reformation because it extends to other fields like education, culture and literature. His deep knowledge in Latin was helpful to translate works in Latin to German language. Luther’s graduation and post-graduation were at the University of Erfurt. Later, he decided to study law, but lost interest in the same and joined a monastery in Erfurt. But he was not ready to give up his education and became a professor of Theology. John Scott makes clear that, â€Å"The one is, that his learning, genius, and capacity, were of the first magnitude: the other, that his life was without blemish.†1 While he was serving as a professor, he became interested in the idea of salvation and faith in Christianity. Besides, Luther made use of his acceptability as a professor to spread his ideas among the mass. Alister E. McGrath states that, â€Å"The Lutheran Reformation was initially an academic mo vement, concerned primarily with reforming the teaching of theology at the University of Wittenberg.†2 For instance, in the year 1517, Luther declared his opinion on the difference between salvation and faith in Christianity. The Lutheran interpretation of faith in God was entirely different from the interpretation of same by the Christian Church in Germany. This difference in interpretation of faith forced Luther to undergo excommunication from the Pope (say, in the year 1521) and disagreement from the Emperor Karl V. All these factors eventually led to the initiation of Lutheran Reformation as an attempt to reform the Protestant Church in Germany. Martin Luther’s role as a religious reformer Martin Luther’

Developing a question (picot) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developing a question (picot) - Research Paper Example llows: Among the young generation of the modern world (P), the dependency on technology has increased to a high level (I) in comparison to earlier times (C), having both positive and negative impacts on their activities (O) in the times of a rapidly developing world (T). Thus if a research is conducted based on this question, the study would be conducted on the younger generation who forms the target population of the study. The emphasis of the study would be on an understanding of the use of technology in the modern times and comparing the situation with earlier days. The outcomes or consequences would be reflected; the study being based on the time period and development of the technology in the world. The PICOT format gives a clear direction of the research objective and hence enables the researcher to use the appropriate measures that may lead to the desired results or learning through a proper research design and implementation and preparation of report. 1) Rios, L.P. Ye, C & L. Thabane. (2010). Association between framing of the research question using the PICOT format and reporting quality of randomized controlled trials, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(11), pp.1-8, Retrieved on September 25, 2011 from:

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay I will be critiquing two different articles. Both studies are nursing studies that evaluate outcomes. I will be following specific key points for a quantitative perspective and a qualitative perspective. There is a guideline that I will be following for each article that includes identifying and examining the data collection and data analysis methodologies used in each study. The names of the articles are The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy and The Effects of Crossed Leg Blood Pressure Measurement. The references will also be reviewed to determine validity and relationship to the new study. Data Collection Quantitative Study: The operational and conceptual definition is congruent. The key variables were operationalized using the best possible method and with adequate justification. Specific instruments were adequately described and were good choices, given the study purpose, the variables being studied, and the study population. The instrument used specifically was a blood pressure monitor. The blood pressure cuff size, dimensions, and inflation pressure were described. The blood pressure monitor was adequately pretested and calibrated before the study began by a biomedical technician (Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio, Braun, 1999). It can be determined that the data collection methods provided data that was reliable and valid. The intervention executed was having patients cross their legs and measuring their blood pressure. The intervention was adequately described and implemented. The implementation of the intervention was faithful to its plan (Polit Beck, 2012). The data was gathered by trained nurse researchers (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). The same blood pressure monitor was operated during the data collection to minimize biases (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). Qualitative Study: The methods for gathering data were appropriate and the data was gathered using interviews over a span of 2 days (Palese, Skrap, Fachin, Visioli, Zannini, 2008). It could be determined that triangulation was achieved since the interviews were performed on numerous occasions and during assorted circumstances. The researchers did ask the right questions and make the right observations, which were also recorded in an appropriate fashion. It can be concluded that sufficient data was gathered, given the specifics required to be a factor in this study. The data collected was adequately rich in depth and detail. The data was gathered using interviews with open-ended questions. The interviews were audio-recorded. The data compilation tools were valid and reliable for this study. Data collection was adequately described and appeared appropriate for this type of study. Bias was kept to a minimum. The researchers were to determine and recognize ideas that may have prompted or provoked personal biases, they also had to recognize any personal experiences or beliefs that might have influenced what they were going to hear and report (Palese et al. , 2008). Data Analysis Quantitative Study: Analyses were appropriated to answer the research question and to test the hypothesis. The researchers performed various blood pressure measurements on a sample of hypertensive males to determine if the crossing of a leg has an effect on blood pressure measurements. Appropriate statistical methods were used given the level of measurement and assumptions of the test. However, there was only one specific group that was the variable, 100 hypertensive males whose ages ranged from 31 to 81. Hypothesis testing allows researchers to make objective decisions whether study results likely reflect chance sample differences or true population differences (Polit Beck, 2012). In this study there was no control group. Then, how can we determine that crossing your leg would increase blood pressure. It is challenging to support whether a type I and type II errors were actually minimized or avoided. The intervention studies did not perform an intention-to-treat analysis. All of the participants were treated and there was no omitted information. The participants also did not abandon the study. The problems of missing values were evaluated and adequately addressed. The limitation of the study includes gender and sample size. The researchers discussed the weaknesses with solutions for future studies. The researchers recommend replicating this study using a larger sample size that includes females. They consider that these changes would increase the significance of the results. The findings are discussed and interpreted. Information about statistical significance and confidence interval is presented and reviewed. There was good use of tables and figures that included titles and headings that were clearly and appropriately labeled. The results were also clearly displayed in tables with identifiable titles and labeled headings. The study included descriptive statistics. The study described the main characteristics in the dataset. The mean and standard deviation for each blood pressure measurement was calculated before and after crossing of the legs was performed by the study subjects. Inferential statistics were also present in this study. In order to test mean differences with three or more groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test is used. This research study conducted a repeated-measure ANOVA, which is when there are three or more measures of the same dependent variable for each participant (Polit Beck, 2012). Measuring blood pressure at various intervals and under numerous conditions for the same subject is one incident where this type of testing can be used. . The model for this design was repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance in this study was stated at 0. 05 for all three effects in the model, (before crossing the legs, during legs crossed, and after having crossed the legs). This significance level indicates that researchers accept a risk that out of 100 samples drawn from a population, a true null hypothesis would be rejected 5 times (Polit Beck, 2012). Given the level of measurement and the nature of the hypothesis, the results were adequate. However, I believe that further research is required to have a stronger correlation. A wider sampling population should be used in future research to have more accurate conclusions. Qualitative Study: The data management and data analysis methods were sufficiently described. The data analysis strategy was compatible with the research tradition. It was also compatible with the nature and type of data gathered. The findings are effectively summarized. There was good use of citations from the patient interviews. The researchers were able to abstract concepts that were found in the data collected from the interviews. Although each patient had a unique experience, the researchers were able to categorize concepts from the data that was analyzed. Researchers were able to group these concepts into pre-operative concerns, intra-operative concerns, and post-operative concerns. Since there was limited research conducted on intra-operative experiences there were limits with the ability of being able to link it to previously performed studies. However, the study did recognize the limits it had. Since this is a qualitative study, generally these studies cannot be generalized to the population. Qualitative researchers are not concerned with the general population, but rather with subjects experiences (Polit Beck, 2012). The researchers did acknowledge the importance of the healthcare team members to think about patient’s experiences in order to better understand how to prioritize the needs of the patient (Palese et al. , 2008). I believe that biases were kept to a minimal considering the implementations that the researchers were exposed to at the beginning of the study and before they were exposed to the interviews or observations. The composition and exploration of the data produced genuine and significant descriptions of the experiences that the patients whom were subjects had. Summary After reviewing both articles and critiquing each one, I believe to have a better understanding about the difference between a quantitative research study and a qualitative research study. Data collection should be systematic and meticulous. Both studies gathered their data systematically and meticulously. In view of the statistical analysis, levels of measurement should be defined as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level data. Sources of data can be documentary sources as primary and secondary sources, field sources as subjects in person, conditions, environment and events that are observable and measurable, and historical data. Both of the studies also had these types of sources. The methods of collecting data include surveys questioning using interview schedule and questionnaires, observation techniques with the help of structured or unstructured instruments, and measuring with standardized instruments. Both of the studies also used some of these methods for collecting data. The purpose of analyzing data in a study is to describe the data in meaningful terms. For example, the study in reference to blood pressure changes utilized tables for interpretation. Statistics help to answer important research questions and it is the answers to such questions that further our understandings. It is required the researcher to have an understanding of what tools are suitable for a particular research study. Depending on the kinds of variables identified (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and the design of particular study, number of statistical techniques is available to analyze data. The data collection and data analysis methodologies used varied and followed the particular need of each research study. The researchers followed the research process guidelines and methodologies. Although, both studies had some weaknesses, they were both performed adequately, using appropriate techniques and instruments. They were also both performed with integrity, discussing thei r limitations and weaknesses.

Bike Helmets :: essays research papers

Arizona needs a law requiring adult bicycle riders to wear a helmet! Have you ever known somebody who was injured in a car accident? What do you think his attitude about seat belts was after they saved his life? If you knew that a seat belt would save your life, you would buckle up! It took years of legislation and public awareness campaigns to make seat belt use mandatory. Now a new topic regarding public safety is coming to light: people are dying or becoming seriously injured in seemingly minor accidents on bicycles when the rider's head strikes the concrete. When the head is unprotected "the brain continues to move in a forward motion while the skull stops moving" (Macyko1), causing trauma. What is needed is a way to protect the brain "by absorbing the energy from the impact, buying extra time for the brain to slow down" (Macyko1). Bicycle riders need to wear helmets to protect their brains from injury, yet unfortunately the public is simply not aware of this need and many people will continue to die or be seriously injure d unless something is done. Bicycle helmets save lives and should be required by Arizona State law for riders of all ages. Opponents feel that bicycle helmet laws are too strict and are misdirected. Principally, they feel that helmet laws do not prevent accidents and point out the fact that "motor vehicles are involved in 90-92% of bicyclist deaths" (BHSI/Compendium 4). Creating awareness among drivers by lowering their speeds would create a safer cycling environment. Furthermore, opponents of helmet laws believe that "requiring motorists to wear helmets will save more lives" (Convissor 1) since statistics show the likelihood of fatality while riding in passenger cars is nearly double that of bicycling (Bicycle 15). They are also concerned for the overall popularity of their sport when helmet laws go into effect. After helmet laws went into effect in Australia, "surveys in Sydney found the helmet law reduced cycling by 38%" (Convissor, 1). Another issue is the argument that helmets are inconvenient and uncomfortable. The opponents of helmet laws seem to have a good argument. Helmet use cannot prevent an accident and Department of Transportation statistics indicate seventy five percent of bicycle related deaths are in collisions with motor vehicles (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons 2), which implies the real problem is with automobile drivers causing accidents with bikes.

By 112 Study Guide

Silence of the Bees: †¢ How do bees communicate? Bees communicate through dance (the waggle dance). A methodic combination of buzzing, moving the behind in a figure-eight fashion that informs other bees about pollen/ food that is found in a particular area. †¢ Why are bees so important to the U. S. agriculture industry? Honeybees are the most important pollinator on the planet. They pollinate crops, which in turn creates food to eat. What percentage of the industry do bees account for? They account for one-third (more than 30%) of the food that is produced in America.They pollinate at least 100 of our most important crops (cotton, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, etc. ) †¢ What are some natural dangers to the bee industry? Natural dangers to the bee industry would be natural disasters (wildfires, hurricanes, tornados), wild animals (mainly bears) †¢ What is considered adequate pollination? †¢ What is CCD? Colony Collapse Disorder. This is a phenomenon in whic h worker bees from a beehive/colony abruptly disappear. When did it become a noticeable problem? Winter 2006 is when the issue was noticed, but it wasn’t until the following spring that it was named CCD and was being researched heavily. What are characteristics of CCD versus other hive disturbances/illnesses? The bees are completely vanishing, as opposed to a mite infestation where the bees would be crawling on the ground. Also, other insects leave infected hives untouched †¢ What types of crops are affected by CCD? A lot of crops are affected, all the crops that are pollinated by bees! In the video, blueberries, oranges, apples, cantaloupes (travel 55 hundred miles per year). †¢ Where do we get new bee colonies in the U. S. for industry use? We import bees from Australia.The Australian bees are the bees that could have potentially carried CCD to the US. †¢ What are factors thought to possibly contribute to CCD? Pesticides (which impair bees ability to learn ca using them to forget their way back to the hive), cell phones interfere with be navigation, mites, or a pathogen causing this rare occurrence are all factors that scientists have thought to contribute to CCD †¢ If CCD continues, what would happen to the agricultural industry? Ultimately the agricultural business would die, food expenses would rise, unless we are willing to use hand pollination. What if any crops would be left? The crops pollinated by the environment (wind or rain) Examples are corn wheat, rooted crops (potatoes, carrots, etc. ) †¢ What is the approximate lifespan of worker bees? The approximate lifespan of a worker bee is 28-35 days †¢ What sex are worker and drone bees? Worker bees are female (collect pollen and pollinate other flowers) and drone bees are male (sole purpose= mate with queen) †¢ What is HFCS? High Fructose Corn Syrup †¢ According to the case study, what impact might HFCS have on CCD? If not stored properly, substances within HFCS will form HMF (hydroxymethlfurfural). According to the article used in the case study, what major issues/concerns were addressed by the authors? The first issue is how commercial workers are storing the HFCS in transportation. Also, how the apples will get pollinated if the bees keep dying/disappearing. †¢ What are the advantages to the commercial use of HFCS? It is easy to store if properly stored, stable shelf life (will hold for a long period of time), and cheap (because we have a lot of it; it is easy to find and purchase). It is used to sweeten foods. Earthworms: †¢ Which side of the worm did we cut into? We cut into the dorsal side of the worm (the back).The dorsal side of the worm was smooth and darker than the ventral side (the underside) †¢ Know the purpose of all the organs we discussed. Dorsal side is dark and feels smooth Ventral side is lighter and has a rough feel caused by setae Setae – Bristles that aid in providing traction for movement M etameres are the body segments that are internally separated by septa Clitellum – the light-colored cylindrical structure close to one end of the worm -a glandular organ that produces mucus for copulation -secretes the cocoon into which eggs are deposited â€Å"Head† or Anterior end of worm is the one closest to the clitellum – at he tip is the mouth Posterior or Caudal – anus (where waste is removed) is located here. Oviducts –small openings located on the ventral side where eggs emerge; followed by sperm ducts (located on segments 14 and 15) Cerebral Ganglion (â€Å"brain†) – located at the cranial tip of the worm Aortic Arches (heart) – 5 around the esophagus; pump blood in a closed circulatory system †¢ What is coelomic fluid and why is it important for earthworms? The coelomic fluid is located in the coelom (body cavity) that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to support the body and aid in movement.What is the typhlosole ? The typhlosole is the fold or ridge in the intestine that increases efficiency. †¢ Why do we dissect Earthworms? We dissect earthworms because they are a great introductory specimen. They lack a skeleton which makes dissection easier. They have some organs of more highly evolved organisms such as a closed circulatory system and simple digestive system. †¢ What type of circulatory system do earthworms have? Earthworms have a closed circulatory system with hemoglobin and amebocytes. They are the simplest organism with a closed system.Blood is pumped by a heart through vessels and doesn’t fill the body cavity. †¢ What do earthworms eat? Earthworms eat organic matter such as leaf, litter, animal waste, etc. †¢ How do earthworms obtain oxygen? Earthworms must absorb oxygen via diffusion through their moist skin because they don’t have any respiratory organs. How does their habitat affect this? Earthworms are burrowers found within rich soil which stays moist, aiding in the earthworms obtaining of oxygen. If earthworms dry out or the soil dries out, they die (suffocate) because oxygen can’t diffuse into their skin.These creatures have adapted by doing two things: 1) slowing down bodily functions during dry spells to conserve water 2) they can lose up to 70% of their body water before dying in this condition. †¢ How do earthworms reproduce? Earthworms reproduce sexually even though they are hermaphrodites. During mating, both worms exchange sperm to fertilize the eggs. This is an advantage because it creates more genetic diversity. †¢ Be able to identify structures in drawings like those in the handout. [pic] [pic] [pic] †¢ Know directional terms. Posterior – towards the caudal end (foot/tail)Anterior – towards the forward end (head) Dorsal – back side of the animal Ventral – bottom side of worm; tummy side †¢ Know the definitions of the external & internal structures we discus sed while dissecting the earthworm. EXTERNAL †¢ Dorsal side is dark and feels smooth †¢ Ventral side is lighter and has a rough feel caused by setae †¢ Setae – Bristles that aid in providing traction for movement †¢ Metameres are the body segments that are internally separated by septa †¢ Clitellum – the light-colored cylindrical structure close to one end of the worm o a glandular organ that produces mucus for copulation secretes the cocoon into which eggs are deposited †¢ â€Å"Head† or Anterior end of worm is the one closest to the clitellum – at the tip is the mouth †¢ Posterior or Caudal – anus (where waste is removed) is located here. †¢ Oviducts –small openings located on the ventral side where eggs emerge; followed by sperm ducts (located on segments 14 and 15) INTERNAL Reproductive System: †¢ Know the path taken by sperm to exit the male body during ejaculation. Be able to explain includi ng all glands and secretions on the path.At the time of ejaculation sperm leaves the epididymis via the vas deferens. As it goes through the vas deferens to the urethra it picks up the following fluids in order: nutritive fluid from the seminal vesicles ( milky alkaline fluid from the prostate ( mucous fluid for lubrication from the Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s gland. †¢ Why are so many sperm produced? So many sperm are created because not all of the sperm make it to the egg. Many die trying to fight their way through the acidity/stickiness of the female reproductive organs.Sperm must work extremely hard to reach the egg and once it gets to the egg it must continue its rough journey breaking through the zona (hard outer shell of the egg) †¢ Know the definitions of male and female reproductive terms discussed in class. MALE= penis Penis – composed of 3 cylinders of erectile tissue: o Corpus cavernosa – 2 cylinders on dorsal part of the penis o Corpus Sp ongiosum – surrounds the urethra; distal end is enlarged to form the glans penis Scrotum – thin membranous sac that houses testes. Testes o Produce approx. 200-300 million sperm/ 24hrs in each testes o Approx. 700 ft. f seminiferous tubules – 80% of testes. o Essential male organs o Proper function is dependent on temperature Epididymis: o Located over the top back portions of the testis o Store immature sperm Vas Deferens – Tube through which sperm leave the epididymis during ejaculation Seminal Vesicles – add nutrient rich fluid for sperm Prostate: o Golf ball size o Produces a milky alkaline fluid – possibly to help with proper function of the flagella Bulbourethral Gland/ Cowper’s Gland– produces a mucous fluid to act as lubrication during ejaculation. FEMALE= vagina ? Folds of tissue that are covered with hair on the outside ?Smooth and moist inside folds ? Located between bladder and rectum ? Capable of great expansion to allow fetal development ? Lined with endometrium ? lead from uterus to ovaries ? Have fimbriae extensions at end by ovaries to catch released eggs. ? Ova production begins about the 7th week of embryonic development ? At birth each ovary contains approx. 1 million follicles with the potential to develop into eggs ? Approx. 80% of follicles degenerate by puberty leaving about 400,000 ? Only about 400 eggs will mature throughout reproductive life of female †¢ Why do so many sperm not survive?So many sperm don’t survive because of their short lifespan and the environments each individual sperm encounters after entering the vagina. For example: the vagina is acidic so approx. 25% of the sperm die immediately upon entry. Once the environment becomes fluid again, the sperm remain viable for 28-48 hours before sperm run out of nutrients and starve. The female defense system attacks sperm as foreign invaders. And the sperm must make it through the cervix (usually thick mucus) which secretes a protein fluid called musin. Once it gets through the cervix, it enters the uterus moving through the uterine cavity.The flagella of the sperm must work harder to go up the fallopian tube (swimming against current) finally reaching the EGG! 60% of sperm is less than perfect. †¢ What is the difference between sperm and semen? Sperm is the male sex cell of semen that fertilizes an egg, whereas semen is the combination of fluids and sperm that leave the penis via the urethral opening. Semen is sperm mixed with nutritional fluid from the seminal vesicles, alkaline fluid from the prostate, and mucus from the Bulbourethral/cowper’s gland †¢ Be able to identify and label the male anatomy. [pic] Be able to identify and label the female anatomy. [pic] [pic] †¢ What are the male and female sex organs? Know the composition/purpose of each and be able to compare the two. MALE= penis Penis – composed of 3 cylinders of erectile tissue: o Corpus caverno sa – 2 cylinders on dorsal part of the penis o Corpus Spongiosum – surrounds the urethra; distal end is enlarged to form the glans penis Scrotum – thin membranous sac that houses testes. Testes o Produce approx. 200-300 million sperm/ 24hrs in each testes o Approx. 700 ft. of seminiferous tubules – 80% of testes. Essential male organs o Proper function is dependent on temperature Epididymis: o Located over the top back portions of the testis o Store immature sperm Vas Deferens – Tube through which sperm leave the epididymis during ejaculation Seminal Vesicles – add nutrient rich fluid for sperm Prostate: o Golf ball size o Produces a milky alkaline fluid – possibly to help with proper function of the flagella Bulbourethral Gland/ Cowper’s Gland– produces a mucous fluid to act as lubrication during ejaculation. FEMALE= vagina ? Folds of tissue that are covered with hair on the outside ?Smooth and moist inside folds to cap the ends of the corpus carvernosa (similar tissue to that of the corpus spongiosum in males) ? Located between bladder and rectum ? Capable of great expansion to allow fetal development ? Lined with endometrium ? lead from uterus to ovaries ? Have fimbriae extensions at end by ovaries to catch released eggs. ? Ova production begins about the 7th week of embryonic development ? At birth each ovary contains approx. 1 million follicles with the potential to develop into eggs ? Approx. 0% of follicles degenerate by puberty leaving about 400,000 ? Only about 400 eggs will mature throughout reproductive life of female †¢ What is the purpose of each reproductive structure covered in class? Answered in the above question. †¢ Know all of the glands and organs involved in the endocrine system along with their functions †¢ Consists of glands that produce hormones to regulate: growth, reproduction, metabolism, personality, etc. †¢ Hormones – highly specialized chemi cals that act as messages to organs; carried in the blood stream throughout the body. Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) – produces growth hormone and regulatory hormones †¢ Thyroid – produces thyroxin which regulates metabolic rate †¢ Hypothalamus – secretes regulatory hormones †¢ Parathyroid – regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood †¢ Adrenal gland – produces corticosteroids, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine †¢ Pancreas – islets of Langerhans produce insulin; rest of pancreas produces digestive enzymes †¢ Ovaries – Estrogen, progesterone †¢ Testes – testosterone †¢ How many eggs are matured during one female cycle?Females are born with 1,000 eggs and over a lifetime only 400 eggs reach maturation, but during ONE female cycle a SINGLE is matured and sent out to be fertilized. †¢ How long is an average female cycle? An average female cycle = 28 days †¢ Know the ph ases of the menstrual cycle in detail. o Average of 28 day cycle o Involves release of mature egg, shedding of old endometrium and formation of new endometrium o Follicular phase – first 14 days of cycle ? 1st week: old endometrium is shed (menstruation); follicular development begins ? nd week: formation of new endometrium; follicular development continues ? Ovulation: release of mature ovum around the 14th day; egg has approx. 24 hrs. to join sperm. o Luteal phase – endometrium continues to prepare for possible implantation of embryo o If implantation does not occur by the end of the 28 day (average) cycle then menstrual bleeding occurs and the cycle begins again. †¢ Know the embryonic and fetal development discussed in the power point, video, and in your book. -Blastocyst – 5 days after conception -Implantation occurs within 10 days -4 weeks = arm buds, beginning of eyes 5 weeks = nose -6 weeks = leg buds embryo< 0. 5 inches -7 weeks = ? inch; clearly de fined fingers, visible internal organs and eye lenses -8 weeks = well defined fingers and toes -10 weeks = embryo=fetus; can move; approx. 2 inches long -14 weeks = fetus can bring hands together and suck thumb -15 weeks = sensory organs are almost complete -16 weeks = can actively turn -Fetal respiration = baby â€Å"breathes† fluid in and out. †¢ What is spermatogenesis? The production of sperm begins between the ages of 9-12 †¢ Know the structure of sperm and how/where they form and develop. pic] -Sperm is manufactured in the testes (testicle) in the seminiferous tubules. -Immature sperm are stored in the epididymis until ready for ejaculation. -Haploid cells (23 chromosomes) -Comprised of general three parts: headpiece, midpiece, flagellum †¢ What is the average production rate (may be a range) of sperm in a healthy male? More than 400 billion sperm is produced in lifetime and 200-300 million sperm produced daily. In normal semen, there is approx. 39 millio n (range from 33-46 mil) sperm/ejaculation

Robert Gray

Composers often manipulate their chosen form of text to explore their concerns within the world. Throughout the poem The Late Ferry by Robert Gray the type of journey is seen to be long-term, emotional, confronting and challenging for individuals. Shaun Tan’s The Red Tree uses journey as being long-term, personal, confronting, emotional and mental. These are recognized by the usage of symbolism and metaphors. Robert Grays The Late Ferry contains a large amount of symbolism through the duration of the poem. The symbolism is what gives the audience an idea of what the journey itself is and what type of journey it may be.In the 1st stanza we see this symbolism as a mother watching her child leave her and enter the real world on their own â€Å"The late ferry is leaving now; I stay to watch from the balcony as it goes up onto the huge dark harbor†. This is exploring journey through the child leaving their mother and getting about on their own now, therefore for the child it is a journey of coming of age. Robert Gray can uncover journey to the audience by using light and darkness to juxtapose each other and showing what are the positive and negative times for the individual in this journey.The colour orange in stanza 4 is a symbolism for an element of hope. Hope that this individual will get used to be on their own and finding their way around through life â€Å"And out beyond the tomato stake patch of the yachts, with their orange lights† juxtaposed to the darkness symbolised in stanza 6 â€Å"the longer white feel nervously about in the blackness† this is also symbolic of a negative time as the person is nervous in a dark world trying to find the light to turn their world positive again.The technique shown in these quotes can be symbolism, juxtaposition and the re-occurring motif of the colour. This shows the audience when the journey can be great or when the journey can be tough. This is a way of Robert Gray showing his notion of journ ey in The Late Ferry. Shaun Tan and The Red Tree uses also uses symbolism and metaphors to create knowledge to the reader by clearly showing what journey they are on and what sort of journey it could be for the individual in the text.On the page where the girl is bottled up on a beach we can see what is happening in her life and why she is feeling this way. The writing on the page says, â€Å"no one understands† by it stating this and the picture of her to go with it we can see that the technique being used by Shaun Tan is social distance; she is distancing herself away from everyone, as no one understands her feelings she is going through. We feel as if she has been dehumanized and left to suffer, we show sympathy towards her.The notion of journey is being explored by Shaun Tan in this as we get so many emotions and right away we realise it is a personal, emotional journey. In The Red Tree we also explore journey through the image in frame 4, we are exposed to the idea that journeys can offer a change in perspective, ideals and behaviors. She is experiencing an inner emotional journey that is displayed through her being in a bottle and the message is on the shore instead of being in the bottle. This is represented through the dull colours- dark blue and black.These are symbolic of the type of journey she is on. We give empathy to this girl as we get the feeling that no one wants to talk to her and no one likes to her their emotions all bottled up. Through both the texts The Late Ferry and The Red Tree journey is explored and depicted by the usage of symbolism and colours. Although both composers are using the same techniques the type of journey is completely different to one another. Ultimately both composers clearly display in their text what is happening throughout the whole time of this experience for the individual.

Free Essays on A Reflection On The Narnian Chronicles

. He spoke the world into existence. He spoke into the vast expanse and created night, day, seas, land, sky, animals, and everything He saw fit for His purpose. Though there was already land in existence in the magical other world, the notion of â€Å"Narnia† was born simply through Aslan’s use of both song and speech. By singing, Aslan brought about the stars and the sun. He began another song, and all around him as he walked grass sprouted underfoot and quickly spread all around, and trees began to take root and grow in the valley. Aslan’s song is analogous to the voice of God during the creation of the world. God breathed life into Adam, the first human to walk the earth. Aslan as well gave life through his breath into the animals of Narnia. Though the animals were already physically alive, their lack of knowledge and speech prevented them from being characterized as true citizens of Narnia. That is until Aslan breathed the ability of speech into the chosen... Free Essays on A Reflection On The Narnian Chronicles Free Essays on A Reflection On The Narnian Chronicles A Reflection on the Narnian Chronicles Throughout the C.S.Lewis series, The Narnian Chronicles, there are many indirect references to the Christian faith and the Bible itself. Through the use of allegories, Lewis provides his readers with a link to explore and contemplate this â€Å"other world.† Though allegorical instances are prevalent throughout the entire series, they are particularly ubiquitous in both â€Å"The Magician’s Nephew† and in â€Å"The Silver Chair.† Aslan the lion is portrayed as the Christ figure in Lewis’ books. As you progress through the novels, it becomes more and more apparent that there is a strong connection between God (or Jesus) and Aslan. This first becomes evident in â€Å"The Magician’s Nephew.† The first connection that is established between â€Å"The Magician’s Nephew† and the Bible (particularly Genesis 1) is the notion of and occurrence of creation. In the Bible, everything was created merely from God’s words. He spoke the world into existence. He spoke into the vast expanse and created night, day, seas, land, sky, animals, and everything He saw fit for His purpose. Though there was already land in existence in the magical other world, the notion of â€Å"Narnia† was born simply through Aslan’s use of both song and speech. By singing, Aslan brought about the stars and the sun. He began another song, and all around him as he walked grass sprouted underfoot and quickly spread all around, and trees began to take root and grow in the valley. Aslan’s song is analogous to the voice of God during the creation of the world. God breathed life into Adam, the first human to walk the earth. Aslan as well gave life through his breath into the animals of Narnia. Though the animals were already physically alive, their lack of knowledge and speech prevented them from being characterized as true citizens of Narnia. That is until Aslan breathed the ability of speech into the chosen...

30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms

30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms 30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms 30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms By Daniel Scocco Most of us heard or read stories about cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, blockchain and so on over the past few years. Few of us, however, understand what those terms mean. Given that those technologies are probably here to stay, writers and readers alike would benefit from a basic understanding of the terminology involved. Below you will find an initial list with 32 terms. We plan to update it as new ones appear. 1. Bitcoin Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency. It is the first and most famous cryptocurrency, having being launched in 2009 by an unknown person or organization under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. The main goal of Bitcoin is to create a currency that doesnt rely on a central authority or government, as this feature should give it many benefits, including lower transaction costs. When it was launched the cost of one Bitcoin was only a couple of cents, and late in 2017 the price of one Bitcoin skyrocketed to almost $20,000, crashing after a couple of months to around $7,000. This meteoric rise and fall contributed to increasing the interest in this cryptocurrency around the world. 2. BTC Each cryptocurrency has a 3-letter symbol that is used to designate it on trading platforms. This is similar to the symbols used on stock exchanges to designate specific companies and stock. BTC is the symbol of Bitcoin. 3. Blockchain This is the core technology behind Bitcoin and most other cryptocurrencies. Some people argue that this innovation has more value than Bitcoin itself, because it can be used on countless future projects. The basic idea is to organize all the transactions of a system (i.e. Bitcoin payments) into blocks, and then to connect those blocks in a chain using cryptography. The cryptographic functions ensure that all the transactions on the blockchain are valid, and anyone can check this information, as it is public. On top of that it is impossible to remove or change past transactions, making the system secure. An alternative way of seeing the blockchain is as an open, distributed digital ledger. 4. Cryptocurrency A digital currency which relies on cryptography to validate transactions, removing the need to have a trusted central authority reporting which transaction is valid and which is not. Bitcoin is the most popular one but today we have over 1000 cryptocurrency projects on the market. 5. Altcoin A nickname given to all cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin, derived from â€Å"alternative coin.† Bitcoin was the only cryptocurrency on the market for many years, and that is why when new ones appeared they received this nickname. 6. ICO Acronym for Initial Coin Offering. This event happens when a crypto project launches its currency or tokens in the market, allowing the first investors to purchase them. The process is similar to an IPO, where a company offers its shares to the public for the first time. Notice that when you invest in an ICO, however, you are not buying equity from that project. Instead, you are buying the coins or tokens of such project, and investors do so hoping that such coins will increase in value over time. 7. Ethereum Currently Ethereum is the second largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. The goal of this project is to allow programmers to easily create smart contracts (see below) as if they were writing a simple computer software. 8. Cryptography The study of strategies and technical implementations to guarantee the privacy and integrity of information exchanged between two or more parties. For example, if you want to send a message to a friend and want to make sure that only him will be able to read it you could substitute each letter on your message with a specific number or symbol. Only the person in possession of the substitution table (i.e. your friend) will be able to revert the list of numbers or symbols into the original message. Cryptography appeared thousands of years ago due to the need of private communications in military contexts and during wars. 9. Decentralization This is perhaps the most important characteristic of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency projects. By not having a central authority (i.e. by being decentralized) cryptocurrencies have advantages over fiat currencies and other payment methods. Those advantages include a limited monetary supply (which can make the value of the cryptocurrency increase over time) and, in theory, lower transaction costs. 10. Wallet Software that allows you to store cryptocurrency, and to send and receive payments. 11. Hot wallet A cryptocurrency wallet that is connected to the Internet. It can be a web application or a mobile application. A hot wallet gives you more convenience, because you can instantly send and receive payments using it. That being said they are less secure because hackers can try to gain access through the Internet. 12. Cold wallet A wallet that is not connected to the Internet. You can install such software on a USB drive, for instance. Cold wallets are not convenient to use but they are much more secure because the hacker would need physical access to try compromising the wallet. 13. Private key A private key (i.e. a sequence of randomly generated characters) is what allows you to spend the cryptocurrency funds in your wallet. It is like a password that you need to make payments and send funds from your wallet. If you lose it you will not be able to access your funds, and theres no way to recover it. 14. Network confirmation Remember that Bitcoin (like other cryptocurrencies) is a decentralized digital currency, so there is no company or central authority confirming if a given transaction is valid or not. The Bitcoin network itself will confirm each transaction. Each node (see below) will check each transaction and confirm or deny its validity. The larger the number of confirmations a transaction has, the higher the probability that it is valid. Currently, with six confirmations you have 99.9% of certainty that the transaction is valid. 15. Node A computer which is connected to the Internet and runs the software of a given cryptocurrency. Nodes are responsible for validating transactions and packaging those transactions inside new blocks on the blockchain. In other words, it is the network of nodes that keeps a cryptocurrency running. 16. Light node It represents a computer running a light version of the cryptocurrency software which offers a limited amount of features, usually including payment verification. Some cryptocurrency projects allow light nodes to exist with the goal of increasing the total number of nodes available, possibly increasing the efficiency of the network and reducing the time to validate transactions. 17. Full node A computer running the full software of a cryptocurrency project, which includes all the transactions (and therefore all blocks) ever registered for this particular cryptocurrency. Running a full node is the only possible way to verify a transactions without relying on a third party. 18. Consensus Since cryptocurrencies don’t have a central authority determining which transactions are valid and which are not and in which order they took place, the network of nodes, relying purely on software and algorithms, needs to reach an agreement regarding those factors. Such an agreement is called network consensus. 19. Token Cryptocurrencies were originally developed to be used as electronic cash. Over time, however, people realized that the same technology (i.e. blockchain) could be used for other purposes, most notably smart contracts (see below). Units of those crypto projects that aim to have functionality beyond those of a digital currency are usually called tokens. 20. Security token This is a subcategory of tokens which usually represent real-life assets like company shares, real estate and so on. Security tokens are expected to make buying, selling and trading those assets much more efficient, even though they are subject to more regulation than other crypto projects. 21. Smart contract A digital contract that gets automatically executed by software upon its completion. Suppose you want to make a bet with a friend about whether or not it will rain tomorrow. You could use a smart contract for such a bet. Both you and your friend would deposit the money into a temporary Bitcoin wallet, and the software itself would verify whether or not there was rain on that specific day. The software would then transfer the money to the winning party. As you can see, using a smart contract has some advantages, as it can give more security to both sides as well as impartiality when evaluating the results. 22. Mining As explained above, network nodes are responsible for validating individual transactions. Once there are enough outstanding transactions a node can create a new block on the blockchain by solving a cryptographic challenge. The node that first solves such challenge will get rewarded a certain amount of units of that cryptocurrency (e.g. on the Bitcoin network nodes get rewarded Bitcoins for adding new blocks). The process of validating transactions and adding new blocks to the blockchain is called mining. This nickname was created because it is through this process that the amount of Bitcoin in circulation increases, similar to what happens with precious metals like gold. 23. Miner A person, group of people or company involved with mining a specific cryptocurrency. 24. CPU Acronym for Central Processing Unit. This electronic component is the brain of the computer, being responsible for carrying out logic and mathematical operations. If you are a miner, the more CPU power you have available the higher the chances that you will be able to solve the cryptographic challenges when mining Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. 25. GPU Acronym for Graphical Processing Unit. This is a special purpose component in computers which is responsible for processing graphics. Some cryptocurrency projects have algorithms that allow for GPUs to be used in the mining process more efficiently than CPUs. 26. Satoshi Satoshi Nakamoto is the name of the person or entity that originally released the Bitcoin paper and software. Satoshi is also the name of the smallest unit of Bitcoin, representing one hundred millionth of a single Bitcoin. 27. Fork This is a software development term that also applies to cryptocurrency projects. When a fork happens, the current source code of the software is copied and used to start a new, independent version of the software. Usually a different team of programmers is responsible for the new version, and they carry out the fork because they want to have the autonomy to make modifications and/or improvements that the previous development team didn’t agree with. In the cryptocurrency world the most famous case is Bitcoin Cash, which was forked from the original Bitcoin in 2017. The developers behind Bitcoin Cash wanted to increase the size of the blocks on the Bitcoin blockchain, so that they could contain a larger number of transactions and thus be more efficient. Since the Bitcoin development team didn’t agree with this modification, the fork took place, practically creating a rival to Bitcoin. 28. Exchange An online platform where users can exchange one cryptocurrency for another. Some exchanges also allow users to exchange crypto currencies for fiat currencies and vice versa. 29. Stable coin A cryptocurrency which is backed by a fiat currency (e.g. the US dollar) or a commodity (e.g. gold). The idea behind stable coins is to provide liquidity and security for users who wish to temporarily sell their cryptocurrencies without removing their funds from the exchange. 30. Tether The largest stable coin in the market with a market cap of around $2 billion. 31. Double spending A type of financial fraud or attack. It involves spending the same amount of money twice, hoping that the second entity receiving the payment will not realize or not be able to verify that the money has already been spent on a previous transaction. This type of attack has happened with smaller cryptocurrency projects, however there is no confirmation of this attack happening with larger projects like Bitcoin or Ethereum. 32. 51% attack Since cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin do not have a central authority, it is the consensus of the network nodes that determine which transactions are valid and which are not. If a malicious user controls 51% of the network nodes he might be able to validate his own fraudulent transactions. The larger the number of nodes in the network, the harder it is to make this attack, and so far none of the popular crypto projects has suffered from it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! 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